A piecewise curve-fitting technique for vertical oceanographic profiles and its application to density distribution     

Viacheslav G. Makarov  Oleg V. Zaytsev  Valentina D. Budaeva  Felipe Salinas-Gonzalez 《Journal of Oceanography》2008,64(5):675-690

A unified method of approximation, extrapolation, and objective layering is offered for processing vertical oceanographic profiles. The method is demonstrated using seawater density and consists of adjustable splitting of each individual profile into N vertical layers based on tentative, piecewise linear homogeneous approximation with specified accuracy and a final fitting of an N-layered analytical model to data. A set of 3N coefficients of the model includes one density value at the sea surface; N−1 depths of layer interfaces; and N pairs of coefficients that describe a profile shape within the n-th layer—an asymptotic density value (a key parameter for extrapolation) and a vertical scale of maximum density variability (related to vertical gradient). Several distinctive characteristics of the technique are: (1) It can be used for the analysis of the vertical structure of individual profiles when N is an unknown parameter, and spatial interpolation when N should be equal for all profiles. (2) A justified downward extrapolation of incomplete data is possible with the model, especially if historical deepwater profiles are available. (3) Layer interfaces, as well as other coefficients, are derived with only one fitting to the entire profile. (4) The technique, using its general formulation, can serve as a parent for developing various types of models. The simpler step-like (with hyperbolic or exponential approximation) and more complicated smooth (continuous in gradient space) models were designed and tested against a large number of density profiles from the Sea of Okhotsk and the Gulf of California. Comparison of parametric, z-levels and isopycnal averaging was done for the region off the northeastern coast of Sakhalin.  相似文献   

Development of 1km-Scale Operational Model in South China     

陈子通  戴光丰  吴凯昕  钟水新  徐道生 《热带气象学报(英文版)》2021,27(4):319-329

To support short-range weather forecast, a high-resolution model (1km) is developed and technicallyupgraded in the South China Regional Center, including the improvement of the 3D reference scheme and predictor-corrector method for Semi-Implicit and Semi-Lagrangian (SISL) in model dynamical core, as well as the improvementof physical parameterization. Furthermore, the multi-process parallel I/O and parallel nudging techniques are developedand have facilitated rapid updating in the assimilation prediction system and fast-output post processing process. Theexperimental results show that the improved 3D reference scheme and upgraded physic schemes can effectively improvethe prediction accuracy and stability with a longer integration time step. The batch test shows that the precipitationforecast performance of 1-km model is significantly better than that of 3-km model. The 1-km model is in operation withrapidly updating cycle at 12-minute intervals, which can be applied to short-range forecast and nowcasting application.  相似文献   

An improved dynamic core for a non-hydrostatic model system on the Yin-Yang grid   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

LI Xiaohan  PENG Xindong  LI Xingliang 《大气科学进展》2015,32(5):648-658

A 3D dynamic core of the non-hydrostatic model GRAPES(Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System) is developed on the Yin-Yang grid to address the polar problem and to enhance the computational efficiency. Three-dimensional Coriolis forcing is introduced to the new core, and full representation of the Coriolis forcing makes it straightforward to share code between the Yin and Yang subdomains. Similar to that in the original GRAPES model, a semi-implicit semi-Lagrangian scheme is adopted for temporal integration and advection with additional arrangement for cross-boundary transport. Under a non-centered second-order temporal and spatial discretization, the dry nonhydrostatic frame is summarized as the solution of an elliptical problem. The resulting Helmholtz equation is solved with the Generalized Conjugate Residual solver in cooperation with the classic Schwarz method. Even though the coefficients of the equation are quite different from those in the original model, the computational procedure of the new core is just the same. The bi-cubic Lagrangian interpolation serves to provide Dirichlet-type boundary conditions with data transfer between the subdomains. The dry core is evaluated with several benchmark test cases, and all the tests display reasonable numerical stability and computing performance. Persistency of the balanced flow and development of both the mountain-induced Rossby wave and Rossby–Haurwitz wave confirms the appropriate installation of the 3D Coriolis terms in the semi-implicit semi-Lagrangian dynamic core on the Yin-Yang grid.  相似文献   

图像全站仪的任意星全盲识别算法     

张旭  张超  詹银虎  时春霖  张鹤 《测绘科学技术学报》2021,38(1):28-32

准确可靠的任意星识别是快速自动天文定位定向测量和数据处理的关键。提出一种基于图像全站仪测量的任意星全盲识别算法。任意选取3颗亮星组成匹配三角形,分别对三星连续拍照获得短时序的水平角和高度角,线性拟合并归算至同一时刻的地平坐标,采用三角形匹配法进行识别。大量野外观测数据测试表明,若拟合外推时间不超过4 min,连续星和间隔星的三角形匹配法的识别率均可达到100%。本识别方法不依赖测站概略位置信息,对云雾等恶劣天气下的快速天文测量具有应用价值。  相似文献   

Multi‐site evaluation of hydrology component of SWAT in the coastal plain of southwest Georgia     

Jaepil Cho  David Bosch  George Vellidis  Richard Lowrance  Timothy Strickland 《水文研究》2013,27(12):1691-1700

Simulation of watershed scale hydrologic and water quality processes is important for watershed assessments. Proper characterization of the accuracy of these simulations, particularly in cases with limited observed data, is critical. The Soil & Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is frequently used for watershed scale simulation. The accuracy of the model was assessed by extrapolating calibration results from a well studied Coastal Plain watershed in Southwest Georgia, USA, to watersheds within the same geographic region without further calibration. SWAT was calibrated and validated on a 16.7‐km² subwatershed within the Little River Experimental Watershed by varying six model parameters. The optimized parameter set was then applied to a watershed of similar land use and soils, a smaller watershed with different land use and soils and three larger watersheds within the same drainage system without further calibration. Simulation results with percent bias (PB) ±15% ≤ PB < ±25% and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) 0.50 < NSE ≤ 0.65 were considered to be satisfactory, whereas those with PB < ±10% and 0.75 < NSE ≤ 1.00 were considered very good. With these criteria, simulation results for the five non‐calibration watersheds were satisfactory to very good. Differences across watersheds were attributed to differences in soils, land use, and surficial aquifer characteristics. These results indicate that SWAT can be a useful tool for predicting streamflow for ungauged watersheds with similar physical characteristics to the calibration watershed studied here and provide an indication of the accuracy of hydrologic simulations for ungauged watersheds. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

逐层子空间迭代法在地下水数值计算中的应用     

成建梅 《地质科技情报》1997,16(1):103-107

介绍了逐层子空间迭代法的基本原理及实现步骤，通过实例计算，与普遍迭代法对比，体现该算法的显著特点及其有于水文地质数值计算的可行性。  相似文献   

单程波算子积分解的象征表示   总被引：7，自引：5，他引：7       下载免费PDF全文

刘洪  王秀闽  曾锐  李幼铭  勾永峰 《地球物理学进展》2007,22(2):463-471

单程波波场延拓算子在地震偏移成像中有重要应用.单程波波场延拓算子按其实现方式可分为Kirchhoff积分、空间隐式有限差分和Fourier变换方法，他们代表了算子的不同表示方法，当截断使用这些方法时会得到不同的精度.象征表示对这些方法的导出和精度分析有重要作用.算子作用于正弦波函数所得函数称为算子的象征.算子的象征是褶积算子Fourier变换的推广.Fourier变换方法则直接用象征函数的可分表示求出.空间隐式有限差分则可以用象征函数的Padè近似或部分分式导出.单程波算子在深度域的积分称为单程波算子积分解.本文推导了单程波算子积分解的象征表达式，给出了算子象征的代数运算的头几阶表达式，这些表达式还未在前人文献中发现.Kirchhoff积分所需格林函数可以通过象征函数和鞍点法导出.基于积分解的象征表达式给出了非对称走时公式，对改善Kirchhoff积分的聚焦性能有重要意义.  相似文献   

Wavefield downward extrapolation for migration velocity analysis on Marmousi data-set     

Andrzej Kostecki  Anna Półchłopek 《Acta Geophysica》2007,55(2):209-221

The authors present a method for estimation of interval velocities using the downward continuation of the wavefield to perform layer-stripping migration velocity analysis. The generalized, phase-shift migration MG(F-K) in wavenumber-frequency domain was used for fulltime downward extrapolation of the wavefield. Such downward depth extrapolation accounts for strong changes of velocity in lateral and vertical directions and helps in correct positioning of the wavefield image in complex structures. Determination of velocity is the recursive process which means that the wavefield on depth level z _n−1 (n = 0, 1, ...) is an input data-set for determination of velocity on level z _n . The velocity ν [x, z _n − z _n−1] can be thus treated as interval velocity in Δz _n = z _n − z _n−1 step. This method was tested on synthetic Marmousi data-set and showed satisfactory results for complex, inhomogeneous media.  相似文献   

轴对称各向异性介质波动方程深度偏移的对称非平稳相移方法   总被引：6，自引：1，他引：6       下载免费PDF全文

刘礼农  陈小宏  张剑锋  刘洪 《地球物理学报》2007,50(1):277-284

由所建立的三维qP波相速度表示式出发，导出并解析求解各向异性介质中的频散方程，得到三维各向异性介质中的相移算子，进而将以相移算子为基础的对称非平稳相移方法推广到各向异性介质，发展了一个三维各向异性介质的深度偏移方法. 文中使用的各向异性介质的速度模型与现行的各向异性构造的速度估计方法一致，将各向同性、弱各向异性及强各向异性统一在一个模型中. 所建立的各向异性介质对称非平稳相移波场延拓算子可以同时适应速度及各向异性参数横向变化；文中给出的算例虽然是针对二维VTI介质的，但所提出的算法同样适用于三维TI介质.  相似文献   

大步长波场深度延拓的理论   总被引：19，自引：4，他引：19       下载免费PDF全文

刘洪  袁江华  陈景波  首皓  李幼铭 《地球物理学报》2006,49(6):1779-1793

波场延拓是地震偏移成像的基础. 快速进行目标区波场延拓对石油勘探中急需发展的深部地震勘探和无组合海量地震数据的成像有重要意义. 在目标区成像中，目前已有的波场延拓方法，包括基于走时计算的Dix方法和射线追踪方法，以及基于小步长波场递推的方法，在适应复杂介质、计算精度和计算效率的某一方面还不能完全满足实际需要. 本文提出一种基于“算子相位”李代数积分的快速计算延拓算子的方法，称为大步长波场延拓方法. 在该方法中，指向目标区的波场延拓算子象征的复相位被表示成波数的线性组合. 线性组合的系数是层速度函数及其导数的深度积分，计算和存储较为方便. 波场延拓算子通过相移算子加校正的方法，利用快速Fourier变换在空间域和波数域予以实现. 利用动力学等价关系导出了便于计算的表达式. 本文比较了算子主象征函数用一步法展开和用两步法展开的精度，从而说明大步长方法的精度要高于递推方法. 在横向和纵向线性变化介质中，将大步长方法的脉冲响应与递推法做了比较，说明大步长延拓算子的走时精度主要取决于相移因子中的横向变速校正项；且在各种近似下，大步长算子发生的频散都非常小.  相似文献